What Is Proposal Writing in Business

As a form of persuasive writing, a proposal attempts to convince the recipient to act in accordance with the writers intent and at the same time, it outlines the writers goals and methods. There are multiple types of business proposals and one type of academic proposal—the research proposal. As different as these may be, they all follow a certain set of guidelines. What Is a Proposal? In the book Knowledge Into Action,  Wallace and Van Fleet remind us that a proposal is a  form of persuasive writing; every element of every proposal should be structured and tailored to maximize its persuasive impact.  Ã‚   In  composition,  especially in  business and technical writing,  a proposal is a document that offers a solution to a problem  or a course of action in response to a need. On the other hand, in academic writing,  a research proposal is a report that identifies the subject of a forthcoming research project, outlines a research strategy, and provides a bibliography or tentative list of references. This form can also be called a topic proposal. Common Types of Business Proposals From Jonathan Swifts satiric A Modest Proposal to the foundations of the United States government and national economy put forth in Benjamin Franklins An Economical Project, there is a wide variety of forms a proposal can take for business and technical writing. The most common are the internal, external, sales, and grant proposals. Internal Proposal An internal proposal or justification report is composed for readers within the writers department, division, or company and is generally short in the form of a memo with the intention of solving an immediate problem. External Proposal External proposals, on the other hand, are designed to show how one organization can meet the needs of another. They may be either solicited, meaning in response to a request, or unsolicited, meaning without any assurance that the proposal will even be considered. Sales Proposal A sales proposal is, as Philip C. Kolin puts it in Successful Writing at Work, the most common external proposal the purpose of which is to sell your companys brand, its products, or services for a set fee. Regardless of the length, a sales proposal must offer a detailed description of the work the writer proposes to do and can be used as a marketing tool to entice potential buyers. Grant Proposal Finally, a grant proposal is a document or an application completed in response to a call for proposals issued by a grant-making agency. The two main components of a grant proposal are a formal application for funding and a detailed report on what activities the grant will support if funded. Structure of a Business Proposal Business proposals are somewhat similar to business plans, in that they outline your businesss mission and vision and provide concrete steps towards your goals. The proposals may be formal and informal, but they tend to follow one type of structure and should be tailored to your product and your customers needs If you find yourself writing an informal business proposal, you can skip the research-exhaustive steps outlined below and simply stick with a comprehensive overview of your points without necessarily backing them up with research. If your task is to write a formal business proposal, you can omit or adjust certain parts, but you need to include a lot of research. Sections of a Typical Business Plan Title PageTable of ContentsExecutive SummaryStatement of the Problem/Customers NeedsProposed Solution (With Methodology)Your Bios and QualificationsPricingTerms and Conditions Suggestions for a Successful Proposal Proofread your writing multiple times and even have someone else read it for you.Your executive summary should be extremely strong. Think of it as an extended elevator pitch, where every sentence and every word are loaded with meaning.Make sure you show that you understand and restate your audiences needs accurately and completely.Sell your project on both logical and psychological levels. Be clear about the steps of your methodology and align your solution and your overall mission with your audiences values. Research Proposals When enrolled in an academic or writer-in-residence program, a student may be asked to write another unique form of proposal, the research proposal. This form requires the writer to describe the intended research in full detail, including the problem the research is addressing, why its important, what research has been conducted before in this field, and how the students project will accomplish something unique. Elizabeth A. Wentz describes this process in How to Design, Write, and Present a Successful Dissertation Proposal, as your  plan  for  creating new knowledge.  Wentz also emphasizes the importance of writing these in order to provide structure and provide focus on the objectives and methodology of the project itself. In Designing and Managing Your Research Project, David Thomas and Ian D. Hodges also note that the research proposal is a time to shop the idea and project out to peers in the same field, who can provide valuable insight into the projects objectives. Thomas and Hodges note that colleagues, supervisors, community representatives, potential research participants, and others can look at the details of what you are planning to do and provide  feedback, which can help solidify methodology and importance as well as catch any mistakes the writer may have made in their research. Best Practices for Writing Research Proposals When undertaking a large project such as writing an academic proposal, make sure you familiarize yourself with your universitys guidance and consult your advisor. Similarly to the business proposals, research proposals also tend to follow a certain template, such as the one outlined below. With research proposals, too, you have the flexibility of excluding certain parts. However, some sections need to be included no matter what, and as such, they have been bolded for you. Sections of a Typical Research Proposal Purpose of a Research ProposalTitle PageIntroductionLiterature ReviewResearch Design and MethodsImplications and Contribution to KnowledgeReference List or BibliographyResearch ScheduleBudgetRevisions and Proofreading Key Questions No matter whether you decide to write a comprehensive research proposal and devote yourself extensively to every section mentioned above or if you simply address a few of them, you should always make sure you answer the following questions: What do you plan to accomplish?Why do you want to do the research?How are you going to conduct the research? Sources Wallace, Danny P., and Van Fleet Connie Jean.  Knowledge into Action: Research and Evaluation in Library and Information Science. Libraries Unlimited, 2012.Kolin, Philip C.  Successful Writing at Work. Cengage Learning, 2017.Wentz, Elizabeth A.  How to Design, Write, and Present a Successful Dissertation Proposal. SAGE, 2014.Hodges, Ian D., and David C. Thomas.  Designing and Managing Your Research Project: Core Knowledge for Social and Health Researchers. SAGE, 2010.

A Blizzard Under Blue Sky Essay - 769 Words

English Composition II Rhetorical Analysis of an argument March 11, 2012 â€Å"A Blizzard under blue sky† The story â€Å"A Blizzard under blue sky† by Pam Houston is about a woman who is not happy and very depressed. She makes a decision to go out into the wilderness. The woman believes that this adventure is the best cure for her even if it means death. She refuses to take any drugs that her doctor tries to prescribe her. She suffers from depression. Her friend Alex is very concerned about his friend and wonders why she would go out knowing that a bad snow storm is headed that way. So he offers her something that she can stay warm with, he offers her a heavy sleeping bag that is thickly layered for the coldest of winter days for her†¦show more content†¦When I heard Jessica crying and saw the dog looking into my face I told him â€Å"Georgie go see why Jessica is crying†. Next thing I knew he went off running and she was quiet so I went to check on her and there they were in the bed sleeping, he comfort her. Even though a snow storm was coming, she decided to go on her winter camping trip anyway. It was like something was calling her out there. But in the event of her wilderness trip she was starting to feel better. There was a positivity her in her life that was growing and the depression had started to fade by the activities she is doing. Her experience of sleeping in below freezing caves, digging out of a snow barricades with the help of Jackson and Hailey. She was doing things her and her dogs would never have dreamed of. She admits that her very cold and freezing adventure has helped her appreciate the beauty of life and her winter wilderness experience. She was starting to feel like she belong and was appreciating the value of her life and her surroundings. â€Å"A Blizzard under blue sky† gave her a new lease on life and a spark of rejuvenation. There are times when trouble and negative situations weigh us down. We need to have a winter wilderness experience trip to revise the soul. Some may call it a sabbatical and others call it RR (REST AND RELAXATION). The woman in the story â€Å"A Blizzard under Blue Sky† knew she needed a turn around. Having bad relationships with men surelyShow MoreRelatedA Blizzard Under Blue Sky - 12539 Words   |  11 Pageslike a swift ride through river rapids, as well as beautifully written and funny. In A Blizzard Under Blue Sky, the exhilaration comes from sharing a winter adventure in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, while the beauty of the writing is exemplified by this magical description of snow: [it] stopped being simply white and became translucent, hinting at other colors, reflections of purples and blues and grays. Much of the humor in the story is based on the American fondness for believingRead MoreCharacterization in Pam Houston’s â€Å"A Blizzard Under Blu e Sky† 1631 Words   |  7 PagesCharacterization in Pam Houston’s â€Å"A Blizzard Under Blue Sky† Houston’s â€Å"A Blizzard Under Blue Sky† explores and exhibits the idea of psycho-physical experience of being in the natural world to heal one’s psychological and emotional ailments through its invigorating contact. The narrative, by drawing on the theme of depression, relates how the narrator, seeing â€Å"everything in [her] life†¦uncertain† (Houston 185), goes winter-camping alone in the high country; undergoes a chilling near-death experience;Read MorePerceiving Dogs Equal Vs Inferior. Inferior1648 Words   |  7 PagesPerceiving Dogs Equal vs. Inferior In general, dogs are associated with loyalty, companionship, and aid. In Pamela Houston’s â€Å"A Blizzard Under Blue Sky,† the narrator attempts to treat her depression through experiencing the adventure of spending a night outside in the cold weather of Utah. Then, the narrator becomes successful in her adventure with the support and assistance of her two dogs, Hailey and Jackson. On the contrary, in Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire,† a â€Å"man† is traveling along theRead MorePerceiving Dogs Equal Vs. Property1589 Words   |  7 PagesPerceiving Dogs Equal vs. Property In general, dogs are associated with loyalty, companionship, and aid. In Pam Houston’s â€Å"A Blizzard Under Blue Sky,† the narrator attempts to treat her depression through experiencing the adventure of spending a night outside in the cold weather of Utah. Then, the narrator becomes successful in her adventure with the support and assistance of her two dogs, Hailey and Jackson. On the contrary, in Jack London’s â€Å"To Build a Fire,† a â€Å"man† is traveling along the YukonRead MoreConquering Mental Illness Depression Essays986 Words   |  4 Pagesto develop drugs, or new counselling techniques to help defeat this terrible foe, but perhaps neither of these solutions are the answer to defeating depression once and for all. Pam Houston suggests another solution in her short story â€Å"A Blizzard under Blue Sky†. Houston’s story begins with the narrator being diagnosed with clinical depression, yet she refuses to take medication o ffered by the doctor to help her overcome depression. Rather than taking medication, she decided to go winter campingRead MoreChapter : A Short Story1512 Words   |  7 Pagesshe put on her boots and mittens. Theo put his hat on and Carly once again loved the way his hair curled out from under it. He looked so young and virile, like a man who was ready to conquer the world. He’d have to settle for battling the elements for now. The blizzard was bound to stop at some point; a fact that made Carly uneasy. Only yesterday, she’d been desperate for clear skies, and now the prospect wasn’t as appealing. Theo was one hundred percent behind the shift. Two steps out the frontRead MoreThe Portal In The Lake Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe Portal in the Lake Crack! My heavy, black leather boots snapped twigs and leaves alike as I trekked through the forest. My dark blue jeans were soaked with sweat, even though it was March. My black, furry vest, complete with survival tools, covered my long-sleeved, sky blue, fleece-lined sweater. My navy-blue backpack held a change of clothes, food, and other necessities. My dark turquoise iPhone 6s was resting in my vest pocket. â€Å"C’mon!† I called to my eleven-year-old twin brother, Jake, whoRead MoreThe Sun - Original Writing1648 Words   |  7 PagesIt was a warm and cozy afternoon, with the temperature reaching 75 degrees Fahrenheit. The never-ending sky stretched across the landscape, painting a splash of vibrant blue with a few white puffs of cotton cloud in between. The sun rays were still shining brightly, casting shadows across a wide field full of green grass. The sounds of various birds chirping could be heard clearly everywhere, and occasionally a butterfly would fly arou nd, landing gently on the ever-fragile petals of the Clarie flowersRead MoreThe Dominant Race: A Sci-Fi Short Story1347 Words   |  5 Pagessnow-covered sidewalk. Skyscrapers and apartment complexes towered over the bustling crowds and the heavy bumper-to-bumper traffic. Impatient taxi drivers cursed and honked away at the careful drivers. Every so often, the ground under my feet rocked with the passing of the under ground city train. While walking through the New York City, the scene of a bustling workday and the towering steel skyscrapers transformed into a scene of jubilant children playing with miniature dragons surrounded by old brickRead MoreThe Dust Bowl1192 Words   |  5 PagesRays of golden sunlight were piercing the blue sky. Today was a hot day. There had been no rain in the last month. A young child was playing in the field while his father was harvesting the crops. The boy was playing among the newly harvested golden vegetables. There were a lot more vegetables than he remembered from years past. The boy knew they were going to sell most of this harvest. Where are the other plants that he remembered? Why was corn the only thing growing? Why is it in straight lines

Visual Description Nefertiti Free Essays

For my visual description, I decided to write about Infertility from Outmost, created between BCC. Infertility represents royalty, and many women view her as a symbol for beauty. Found in the city of Kathleen along other items in the sculptor studio that represented the royal family. We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Description Nefertiti or any similar topic only for you Order Now This three dimensional limestone sculpture standing 20†³ tall, represents the wife of Pharaoh Generate. Modeling her face to make it look subtle, the artist used very thin layers of plaster. Looking at this sculpture, one would feel as they are looking at a life like person, which is why it’s remarkable. The plaster starts thin to define her face and becomes thicker when creating the neck and the head dress. The pupil of the right eye was created with what appears to be black paint, but the left eye doesn’t have a pupil present. Infirmities teal colored crown, has a gold band looped around the bottom. A ribbon is wrapped around her crown, with each end stopping above her left and right ear. A erasures (signifying royalty) is above brow on the headdress, yet broken. The skin and bone structure, very much symmetrical can be shown as elegant as she looks. The artist used a contour technique to create her face, high cheekbones and the hollowness of her cheeks.. Looking at the lines used, it can be seen as subtle movements. The carved movements, help create amazing cheekbone structure. From her headdress to her cheeks, a triangle can be formed, continuing to the lines of her neck, under her chin a perfect triangle Is created. This sculpture In the round when viewed from the side, can be seen as creating a 90 degree angle. Walking around the sculpture you can see the symmetrical used to create her headdress and make this sculpture life like. Although the damages to the ear and headdress makes you realize how ancient this Is, her beauty seems to travel. How to cite Visual Description Nefertiti, Papers

Hacking Altering Confidential Information

Question: Discuss about the Term Hacking for Altering Confidential Information. Answer: Hacking can be defined as an act of altering confidential information with the main purpose of accomplishing a mission that will later end up hurting an organization or individual. These people who involve themselves in such activities are widely known as hackers. In the year 2007, it was reported that hackers had managed to gain access into the United States of Americas password-curriculum vitaes, which were stored online (Baase, 2012). It is widely believed that these hackers used the information that they had previously hacked from the Monster Worldwide Inc. that had also been stolen from its customers. It is estimated that confidential details of about 1.3 million people who were looking for jobs had been taken and was now being used to Phiz, some of the job seekers information. According to Reuters, it is strongly believed that this attack on the U.S. site was carried out using two servers that are thought to be in a Web-hosting company that is based in the Ukraine. The group that did this used some personal computers that they controlled after successfully infecting them with malicious software programs. However, according to Monster, the information that was stolen by these hackers was limited to addresses, emails addresses, addresses, and names. The Company insists that no other details apart from these were taken from its site not even the bank account numbers were uploaded. One question that is still begging for answers is that even though Monster learned of this security breach much earlier, it had not bothered to let the public know all about these happenings (Castillo, 2016). After getting the information, the hackers now started bullying the clients by for instance asking them to provide their financial data together with bank account details; the clients was also requested to click some links that later infected their personal computers with some malwares. The hackers started threatening their victims telling them to either meet their payment demands or risk loosing their files because the victims computers had already been infected with some malicious malwares. This incident had caused many people to lose their trust in the Monster Company especially for not alerting the public early enough at the time when this incidence occurred. The Right to Know As much as the Monster Company was hiding this information from the victims, this was seen to be an infringement and betrayal on the side of the victims as they have been severely affected by this incident. As if to add more problems to more people, the information that was taken from the Monster company was also used by these hackers to gain access to the U.S. website that contained resumes of about 13 million people. The victims in this incident had a right to know what was happening. This incident has made many of the Monster Company clients lose their trust in its operations (Kizza, 2013). The Right To Privacy It is very clear and evident that proper security was not well taken care of by these two organizations in securing the privacy of their clients confidential information. An individuals privacy must always be paramount in each and every organization. The institution must seek the services of well able, skilled ICT professionals to seal every loop that hackers might take advantage to compromise their client information. All organizations must always make it a habit of checking and updating their systems so as to cope up with the new emerging cybercrime threats that are invented every day by people who are only on a mission to inflict pain, blackmail, and bullying to people. The Monster Company has broken many laws that govern the conduct of companies by first of all denying the people the right to information; the company has also violated the right to privacy. This can be considered as the reckless handling of the client information (Baase, 2012). Obligations These companies have a duty to protect the information of their customers from being stolen by the hackers. The companies are the ones, which are tasked to adequately and securely do everything necessary to protect their clients from search attacks. All organizations must always update themselves with the current trends in cyber crimes. They must liaise with different stakeholders so as to forge better ways of combatting the hacking manners. However, if these organizations do not do everything in their power to control this, then many people will end up falling into the hands of these merciless hackers who will stop at nothing to infringe pain on their victims once they get hold of their victim's confidential information. The owners or managers must do everything in their power so as to keep the trust and confidence of their customers. Long and short term consequences of hacking in Organizations Beneficiaries and Losers of the hacking activities There is no doubt that many industries and organizations that specialize in technology and computer are going to benefit from these incidences or even lose drastically from them. Most renowned firms that deal in the prevention of hacking, network or software development are poised to benefit enormously from this hacking incidence of these two prominent organizations. This hacking is projected even to spread further throughout the world. Those small businesses that also specialize in this part of the sector are also expected to grow and expand, as their services will be in much more demand by the affected organizations (Kizza, 2013). However, those industries in this field whose efforts and services failed in preventing these attacks are going to face a ruined reputation hence losing a huge client base and also a capability to attract more new customers. The other people who are going to suffer are the customers who have now been turned into victims by the merciless hackers who are evil bent on making their lives a misery. Some of these customers may lose their identity, money, their confidential information and every little information that meant so much more in their life. The victims will now be living in fear, as these hackers will always be determined to harass them at every little opportunity that they get. Conclusion As the threat of cyber-attacks continues to spread organizations are under immense pressure from various stakeholders to strengthen their security systems to prevent hackers from accessing crucial confidential information of their clients. Organizations can prevent these attacks by always updating their firmware; putting very strong passwords; regularly changing the organizations Wi-Fi router password; regular patching of firewalls; enabling firewalls on the company devices and also installing antivirus. Experts in the ICT field must be encouraged so as to provide and share what they with their competitors and peers. References Baase, S. (2012). A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computing Technology (4th Edition). Castillo, C. (2016). Big Crisis Data: Social Media in Disasters and Time-Critical Situations. Kizza, J. M. (2013). Ethical and Social Issues in the Information Age (Texts in Computer Science). Bibliography Tavani, Herman. (2006). Ethics and Technology: Ethical Issues in an Age of Information and Communication Technology. Watson, Tom. (2008). Cause Wired: Plugging in, Getting Involved, Changing the World.

Immigration Develops Foreign Stereotypes free essay sample

After many centuries of solitude, the Americans opened their land to the Europeans, who marched straight on in. Then like ants coming into a picnic basket, the other countries followed. The Aussies realized they were missing out on the fun and came hopping in like kangaroos. As usual, the straggling Asians finally decided to show up, a couple years late, and BOOM! The population sure did rise. And so, America became a melting pot. Americans who were born in the United States suddenly find themselves struggling to retain their spot among the crowd of people. Many white people now wake up every morning thinking the chance of a job offer is one in a million. And with a sigh, they just push through the bunches of foreigners swamping up on America’s front yard so that even the front door is hard to open. â€Å"I go outside to pick up my newspaper in the morning and find that I got a copy of the Times of India instead of my usual New York Times. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration Develops Foreign Stereotypes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I mean, how am I supposed to read all those squiggly lines that make up words?† said 35-year-old Philadelphia resident Alex Smith. â€Å"I just have to toss it into my Indian neighbor’s yard, only to have my other neighbor surprise me with a â€Å"G’day mate† as he walks his koala-like DINGO dog across the street.† Emily Jones, 29, of Sacramento commented, â€Å"I rushed out today with my Swiss cup of Nestle coffee so that I would not be late for a meeting with my British boss. God, I wish I didn’t have to see that terrible set of teeth everyday. I’m driving like a normal person and all of a sudden, this Asian woman just cuts me off and I end up in a full on car crash, getting a ticket, and losing my job for being late. Apparently, even my Indian coworker had gotten there on time.† After the 2010 Census, President Obama had to consider changing the name of the country from America to Euro-Aus-Asia to better encompass the people who now occupied the majority. Congress would not allow this, probably since the majority there is still white, for the time being. A national poll stated that after a woman becomes President, a Chinese candidate will come and take the throne and turn the democracy into a socialist state. A mother asked her former high school quarterback son about his first day of college. He replied, â€Å"There are so many kinds of people that I don’t think I have seen another American yet. This group of Asians invited me to play some football with them and so I wore my helmet and put pads on my shoulders. Apparently we were playing soccer so I just left confused why they would call soccer ‘football.’† Scientists have researched the psychological mindset of Americans today and compared it to earlier times. The reports have shown that stress has increased by 55 percent and that motivation to act has decreased by 57 percent. It is said that by 2050, all the Americans born on U.S. soil will have moved to a new continent and the names will have to be changed. â€Å"Of course the typical ‘American Dream’ exists,† stated Sen. Harry DeKline. â€Å"It simply only applies to foreign immigrants now.†

Free Essays on Dualism In Kurtzs Character

Dualism in Kurtz’s Character Civilizations are created by the defining of laws and codes that promote higher standards and ethics amongst men. Civilization, as seen in the Europeans in the Congo, acts to prevent humankind from returning to the darker inclinations inherent in its generic character. This idea is deeply supported in the Heart of Darkness by Kurtz. Joseph Conrad’s, Heart of Darkness centers around madness. In relating Kurtz to the principles of Imperialism, Conrad portrays an apparently delusional man who manages to cloak himself in the deceptive raiment of rationality and yet, perhaps Kurtz retains reason. Kurtz is an ivory poacher that runs a station deep in the African jungle, isolated from civilized life. From Europe he brings with the finest technology and ideals. Kurtz is a well educated man and highly respected. With all of these attributes, greed and power soon overcome him and his heart of darkness is brought out. Immediately after Conrad introduces the barbaric Kurtz, numerous eccentric, savage, behavioral traits manifest themselves in Kurtz’s person. Having succeeded in awing an African tribe of savages into worshipping him, Kurtz converts his formerly civilized Inner Station into a bastion of the darkest animal irrationality. A God to the savages, Kurtz sates his terrible lusts for violence and wealth with callow abandon, sticking heads on poles for thrills and raping the Congolese countryside of ivory. The Narrator, Marlow, being a man long steeped in the idealistic views of the European Imperialist, sees more and more evidence suggesting Kurtz’s madness as time progresses. Kurtz’s had been asked to write a report to the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs a piece of work that even Marlow acknowledges as an idealistic and brilliant detailing of Imperialist conquest in its most r... Free Essays on Dualism In Kurtz's Character Free Essays on Dualism In Kurtz's Character Dualism in Kurtz’s Character Civilizations are created by the defining of laws and codes that promote higher standards and ethics amongst men. Civilization, as seen in the Europeans in the Congo, acts to prevent humankind from returning to the darker inclinations inherent in its generic character. This idea is deeply supported in the Heart of Darkness by Kurtz. Joseph Conrad’s, Heart of Darkness centers around madness. In relating Kurtz to the principles of Imperialism, Conrad portrays an apparently delusional man who manages to cloak himself in the deceptive raiment of rationality and yet, perhaps Kurtz retains reason. Kurtz is an ivory poacher that runs a station deep in the African jungle, isolated from civilized life. From Europe he brings with the finest technology and ideals. Kurtz is a well educated man and highly respected. With all of these attributes, greed and power soon overcome him and his heart of darkness is brought out. Immediately after Conrad introduces the barbaric Kurtz, numerous eccentric, savage, behavioral traits manifest themselves in Kurtz’s person. Having succeeded in awing an African tribe of savages into worshipping him, Kurtz converts his formerly civilized Inner Station into a bastion of the darkest animal irrationality. A God to the savages, Kurtz sates his terrible lusts for violence and wealth with callow abandon, sticking heads on poles for thrills and raping the Congolese countryside of ivory. The Narrator, Marlow, being a man long steeped in the idealistic views of the European Imperialist, sees more and more evidence suggesting Kurtz’s madness as time progresses. Kurtz’s had been asked to write a report to the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs a piece of work that even Marlow acknowledges as an idealistic and brilliant detailing of Imperialist conquest in its most r...

Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Report - Coursework Example The difference between maximum and minimum heights for The Giant roller coaster is 132.868 metres. The maximum possible area of the rectangular enclosure found to be 2601 square metres when the width is 51 metres. The dimensions of the snack box that would give the maximum volume found to be 6.67 cm x 13.33 cm x 26.67 cm. The maximum volume of the snack box found to be 2370.37 cubic cm. Mathematical modelling is a method for solving problems mathematically. A mathematical model is a mathematical representation of the relationship between two or more variables relevant to a given situation or problem. Mathematical modelling is used to investigate important questions about the observed world, to describe real-world incident, to explain real-world incident, to test ideas and to make predictions about the real-world. In this report, mathematical modelling will be used to answer the real-world questions. The formulation, analysis (using differentiation, maxima and minima), interpretation and test will be done to answer the real-world questions. The mathematical modelling will be used to find the difference between maximum and minimum height for the Feel the Fear and The Giant roller coasters. It will be also used for finding maximum possible area of fixed fence enclosure and the dimensions of a snack box that would give the maximum volume. The maximum height of the Feel the Fear roller coaster is 36 meters and the minimum height is about -14.815 metres (14.815 below ground level). Therefore, the difference between maximum and minimum heights for the Feel the Fear roller coaster is about 50.815 metres. The maximum height of The Giant roller coaster is about 36.434 meters and the minimum height is about -96.434 metres (96.434 below ground level). Therefore, the difference between maximum and minimum heights for The Giant roller coaster is about 132.868 metres. The snacks

Marketing Principles and Practices - (2013_14) Essay

Marketing Principles and Practices - (2013_14) - Essay Example It also started to employ more designers who made up an efficient production line that produced Apple II computers (Lusted, 2012.p.100). Apple II computers were one of the most successful micro PCs. In 1984, Apple released the Macintosh. The next flagship product was launched in 1998, the iMac, which remains the fastest-selling PC in history. Since then, the company has released other technology dictating products such as the iBooks and PowerBooks. At the turn of the century (early 2000s), Apple shifted its focus to design and production of mobile electronic devices. In 2001, the first mobile electronic device was released, the iPod. The iPod which was a palm sized music player became the best selling portable music player in history. Another defining moment came in 2007, besides the change of name to Apple Inc. the company also released the cutting edge iPhone and the iPod Touch. Shortly after, in 2010, Apple launched the iPad. By 2012, Apple had become an iconic brand and one of th e most popular cool brands (Gogerly, 2012.p.21). It is important to note that the success of Apple Inc. has not been without major challenges. It is documented that after the success of the Apple I and the Apple II home computers, Apple struggled to remain a viable company, especially after the resignations of its founders. After financial failures such as the Apple Lisa and the Newton PDA, it was not until Steve Jobs rejoined the company that it found its niche, both with computers and other electronic products (Lusted, 2012 .p.100). Presently, Apple’s products have changed the way people all over the world access technology, communicate, and entertain themselves. These aspects have become synonymous with the company that it becomes hard to think of them and not think about Apple Inc. With the launch of the iPod that set up Apple Inc. in the 21st Century Apple became one of the hottest companies in youth culture. According to cool hunters, these are researchers who track buy ing trends among young people, Apple has continually surfaced in their conversations (Kahney, 2005.p.62). One of the major reasons explaining the appreciation of Apple was the fact that most celebrities whom the young perceive as cool use its products. The company’s slick advertising has also helped raise its profile and contribute to the cool image. Besides the cool image to the youth, Apple Inc. has been able to produce products for everyone. What Apple ‘means’ to most people is a combination of ever-advancing technology and a certain elegance of design and function (Middleton, 2012.p.16). In return, Apple products are pleasing to the eye and to the touch, as well as being simple and generally intuitive in the way they work (Middleton, 2012.p.16). Apple has a reputation for leading-edge technology and attention to detail, particularly style detail. Very few other brands generate such interest and inspire the number of brand ambassadors that Apple does. Apple cu stomers believe that the company really cares about the way the use the technology and about the way people look while using the technology (Masterson & Pickton .p.431). Brand Concept-Apple Inc. The concept of a brand leaves its own mark-a signature-that imparts its own meaning. It is this concept which is generally the force behind brand creation. A brand without its own unique signature would just not

Video Reaction paper 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video Reaction paper 3 - Essay Example It made me think about how far behind our society is in terms of true acceptance and inclusiveness of the people who are born as one gender but have the ability to perform the duties and responsibilities of both genders. Provided they are given the freedom to choose who they truly know their selves to be. The death of Fred Martinez left me with a feeling of shame as I viewed the documentary. While Fred was somebody who was admired in his native American tribe for the uniqueness of his spirit, he was condemned by our society for being gay. But in reality, was his sexual orientation or gender identity really something to kill a person about? The violence that he experienced through bullying is something that our society would never stand for if it were done to a White Man. No, if Fred Martinez had been white, he would have been protected by our bullying laws. He would have had access to a restraining order. He would have been able to stand up for himself because our society protects by law and respects the White gays and lesbians. Instead Martinez was killed because our society refused to understand the uniqueness of his person and lacked respect for Fred's own Native American traditions. The puzzlement for me while watching the documentary was how our own LGBT community can fight for and most the time, gain the rights and respect that they demand for their gender identities but when the native Americans, the original settlers in this country show that they too deserve to be accorded the same respect, they are not only denied the opportunity to live under the same cloak of protection as their U.S, counterparts, but are murdered because of it. We are often told to keep an open mind and broaden our thinking and understanding of the LGBT sector of society. But when push comes to shove, we always seem to fall short of this commitment to understand those who are different from us in terms of national heritage. However, as Fred showed those around him, native Americans have always been more than accepting, loving, caring, and respectful of those who are like Fred. As long as we refuse to accept and respect the culture of those whom we consider to have a different society from us, we will never live in a truly equal world. Fred's death serves to remind us of that disrespect. While our own LGBT community continues to struggle and win their right to fair treatment, our native American brothers and sisters who are also a member of the LGBT sector of society have been shown to live a life full of fear and uncertainty because the rules of the White Man does not apply to them and their cause. It saddens me to learn that we have a long way to go, centuries after Columbus â€Å"discovered† America and massacring the original settlers, long after we segregated them to tribal camps in the outskirts, that we as a society, have still failed to offer them the chance to be assimilated into our society based upon equality and fair treatment regardless of sexual preference or orientation. As a society, we are centuries behind our Native American counterparts who learned early on the value of the uniqueness in a person. We have a lot to learn from them in terms of the ways and means through which a thorough understanding of the two spirits that exist in the LGBT's can actually help our society evolve into a highly intricate and accepting society.

Treatment of Rituximab in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients

Treatment of Rituximab in Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients Part 3: Clinical Research 2 INTRODUCTION Pemphigus is the name of a group of life-threatening blistering diseases of the skin and mucous membranes. The base of treatment for this disease is corticosteroids; however, recently, new drugs, such as rituximab, have been verified for more severe forms of it. In the authors previously unpublished study, the effect of rituximab on variation in the laboratory indices of pemphigus vulgaris patients is addressed. After investigation of the files of pemphigus patients who received rituximab in Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2008 to 2013, 39 patients were entered into the study. All patients had lab sheets containing CR (creatinine), urea, ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), Plt (platelet), Hgb (hemoglobin), and WBC (white blood cell) before and after receiving rituximab. The patients received rituximab 4 times at a dosage of 500 mg in 4 successive weeks. The lab results before receiving the first dose of rituximab were compared to the results after receiving treatment. The effect of rituximab on the variation in lab indices with the adjustment effect of age, gender, disease duration, sites of involvement, received adjoins, and the background disease were also investigated. In the initial analysis, rituximab only had a significant effect on urea reduction. In the CellCept ® (mycophenolate mofetil) receiving subgroup, the mixed consumption of rituximab led to a significant reduction in WBC. In the subgroup having background disease, rituximab had a statistically significant impact on platelet reduction. In the subgroup having no background disease, rituximab had a statistically significant effect on urea reduction. The lab indices were shown to have no significant relationship with age and disease duration. Thus, it can be predicted that disease duration and age would have no effect in the relationship between rituximab and lab indices variations. Although in stratified single-variable analysis for adjusting the effect of other variables (involvement sites and received adjoins) on the relation of rituximab and lab indices, some of these variables showed interacting effects with rituximab on the variations of lab indices. However, due to the low volume of sample and non-normal distribution of most of these variables, it was impossible to do multivariable analysis for investigation of their independent and interactive effects on variations of lab indices in an integrated manner, therefore, we can not make certain comments about their relationships. Chapter 1 Pemphigus is the name of a group of life-threatening blistering diseases that have characteristic acantholysis leading to formation of intraepithelial blisters in mucus and skin [1]. The acantholysis process is induced via attachments of flowing autoantibodies to adhesion molecules in the cells [2]. Patients with pemphigus have mucosal erosions, blisters, papules, and cutaneous erosions. The different types of pemphigus are pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, immunoglobulin A (IgA) pemphigus, and paraneoplastic pemphigus. Different types of pemphigus are differentiated by clinical symptoms, related autoantigens, and histological methods. Pemphigus vulgaris has mucosal and mucocutaneous involvement. The blisters are acantholytic and suprabasal. The autoantibodies responsible for the disease are against desmoglein (DSG) 1 or both desmoglein 3 and 1. Pemphigus foliaceus only involves the skin. The blisters are acantholytic and subcorneal. The responsible autoantibodies are against desmoglein 1. IgA pemphigus has the form of grouped erythematous crusts, papules, and vesicle plucks. Blisters can be subcorneal or intraepithelial and acantholytic. The responsible autoantibodies are against desmocollin (DSC) 1 [3]. Paraneoplastic pemphigus involves vast and resistant stomatite along with different cutaneous findings. The responsible autoantibodies are against desmoplakin (DSP) or other desmosomal antigens. Pemphigus vulgaris is the most common type of pemphigus, but is still very rare. The chance of its occurrence is between 0.1 to 0.5 per 100,000 people [4]. Pemphigus often happens among adults and the average age of onset is 40 to 60 years old. It is very rare among children [5,6]. Its prevalence is almost the same in the 2 sexes [7]. Almost all the pemphigus vulgaris patients have mucosal involvement. The mouth is the most common site of involvement and is often the first site of involvement. Other mucosal membranes such as conjunctivae, nose, esophagus, vulva, vagina, cervix and anus are rarely involved [8]. As mucosal blisters are fragile and burst easily, in clinical examination it is difficult to find intact blisters, and instead the examiner tends to find mucosal erosions. Buccal and pa latal mucosa are the most common sites of blister involvement in the mouth cavity [9]. Mucosal involvement can be very painful. This pain often increases by chewing and swallowing, which can result in improper alimentation and weight reduction. Most of the patients also have cutaneous involvement appearing in the form of soft blisters in healthy skin or erythematosus. The blisters easily break, resulting in painful erosions. Pemphigus vulgaris rarely causes pruritis. Almost any part of body skin can be involved, but the palmar aspects of the foot and hands are rarely involved. The Nikolsky sign is often observed among these patients (mechanical pressure on the healthy skin results in blistering). Pemphigus is diagnosed based on the clinical, histological, immuno-pathological symptoms and laboratory findings. Even in cases where the clinical symptoms are intensively supporting pemphigus, laboratory investigation is still needed to confirm the diagnosis, as other diseases may have the same symptoms. The first line of treatment of pemphigus is systemic corticosteroids, an d addition of adjuvants may also be needed. Patients who do not respond to the first line of treatment might need additional interventions. In such patients, cyclophosphamides, rituximab, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or plasmapheresis may be helpful. Initial treatment of pemphigus vulgaris is systemic glucocorticoid, which is often applied in combination with other non-steroidal immunosuppressants such as azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil. Pemphigus resistant to treatment is a type of pemphigus that does not respond to the aforementioned treatments. Pemphigus is a chronic disease that needs long-term treatment. A retrospective study was conducted during 1982-1993 on 40 patients [8]. On average, these patients achieved complete remission after 7.7 years; 25% had remission after 2 years; 50% after 5 years; and 75% after 10 years [8]. Most pemphigus vulgaris patients respond to initial treatments [9]. The first step, in the patients who do not respond to initial treatment, is increasing the dosage of systemic corticosteroids (1.5-2 mg/kg of prednisolone per day) or adjuvant drug. The adjuvant drug can also be changed (changing azathioprine to mycophenolate mofetil). In resistant cases, cyclophosphamides, rituximab, IVIG, and plasmapheresis could also be used. As pemphigus is an auto-immune disease caused by autoantibodies, treatments that reduce B cells are investigated [10-13]. Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody that targets CD20, located on B-lymphocytes, as its antigen. This drug has been shown to have profound effects on pemphigus treatments [13,14]. In a multicenter study conducted on 14 pemphigus vulgaris patients and 7 pemphigus foliaceus patients, both groups were resistant to systemic glucocorticoids and experienced several relapses during glucocorticoid tapering. They were then put on 1 cycle of rituximab with a weekly dosage of 275 mg/m2 for 4 weeks, and this addition proved advantageous [15]. Although, severe infections were reported in the patients under rituximab treatment, its effect on risk of infection is not clear, as other immunosuppressants were also concurrently used. Reactions during injection are among the most common side effects of rituximab. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, long-term hypogammaglobu linemia, and neutropenia were also common among the patients under rituximab treatment. Regarding the excellent impact of this drug on treatment of resistant pemphigus, and also on other diseases such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), vasculitis, lymphocytic leukemia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we decided to evaluate the effects of this drug on the variation of lab parameters such as white blood cell (WBC), Hemoglobin (Hg), platelet (Plt), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, and creatinine (CR). So far, no study has been conducted on investigation of these variations due to receiving rituximab. OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES Major Objective Investigation of laboratory variations after injection of rituximab in pemphigus vulgaris patients. Minor objectives of the project: Determination of rituximab impact on laboratory indices Determination of rituximab impact on laboratory indices by adjusting for the effect of age Determination of rituximab impact on laboratory indices by adjusting for the effect of gender Determination of rituximab impact on laboratory indices by adjusting for the effect of other treatment methods Determination of rituximab impact on laboratory indices by adjusting for the effect of disease duration Determination of rituximab impact on laboratory indices by adjusting for the effect of disease involved sites Determination of rituximab impact on laboratory indices by adjusting for the effect of Underlying disease Application objectives: Enhancement of health level among pemphigus vulgaris patients and paying attention to laboratory effect of patients after rituximab consumption. Research questions or hypotheses: Rituximab affects the laboratory indices Rituximab affects the laboratory indices with age effect adjustment Rituximab affects the laboratory indices with gender effect adjustment Rituximab affects the laboratory indices with disease duration effect adjustment Rituximab affects the laboratory indices with previous treatment effect adjustment Rituximab affects the laboratory indices with other disease effect adjustment Rituximab affects the laboratory indices with involved sites effect adjustment Chapter 2 Literature Review In 1997, rituximab was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for non-Hodgkins lymphoma of B-cell that was resistant to chemotherapy. After that, it was applied for treatment for other diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Wegeners granulomatosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and Sjà ¶grens syndrome. Ten years later, its impact on the treatment of blister diseases such as pemphigus was shown [16]. In a 2006 study by Larrar et al, 2 children with autoimmune hemolytic anemia who were treated with rituximab experienced acute thrombocytopenia and neutropenia [17]. They resolved in several days, which showed that these hematologic effects are directly dependent on the toxicity of rituximab. In a study by Chairwatanatorn et al in 2003, neutropenia following application of rituximab was tested in 53 patients [18]. All patients except one were under Hodgkins lymphoma treatment. Eight cases of grade 4 neutropenia were observed after 1 to 5 months of rituximab treatment (5 patients only received rituximab and 3 patients were also under additional chemotherapy); 3 patients advanced toward sepsis. Neutropenia was not related to other diseases or treatments, and was related with reduction of neutrophil precursors, except for one of the patients whose bone marrow had hypoplasia. All cases of neutropenia occurred among the patients whose polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were normally or weakly reduced [18]. In a study by Tesfa et al in 2008, neutropenia occurred 4 or more weeks after rituximab treatment in lymphoma patients [19]. However, the mechanism of how rituximab causes neutropenia is still unknown. In a retrospective study of 113 lymphoma patients under rituximab treatment (alone or along with chemotherapy), 8 patients (7%) had neutropenia. The average onset was 88 days after receiving their last dosage of rituximab. The average time interval of neutropenia was 54 days. Four of the 8 patients underwent stem cell transplantation, 3 patients had neutropenia with fever and 2 of them needed granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) treatment. In the patients who had neutropenia, a cessation in maturation was observed in the promyelocytes category (the same as congenital neutropenia or Kostmann disease) [19]. A study by Otrock in 2005 addressed 2 patients who had acute thrombocytopenia after receiving rituximab [20]. One of the patients had hairy cell leukemia and the other one suffered from mantle cell lymphoma. In these patients, thrombocytopenia improved without the need of any treatment after several days. The reason for this is unknown. A study by Leo et al was conducted in 2004 for investigating the safety of rituximab [21]. In this study, the mixture of fludarabine, rituximab and cyclophosphamide was applied for treatment of follicular lymphoma. Surprisingly, severe thrombocytopenia with World Health Organization (WHO) grades 3 and 4 were observed in the patients, which resulted in the end of trial. Cytological and serological analysis was based on direct toxicity of rituximab. Chapter 3 Investigation Method 39 Therapy resistant pemphigus patients in Razi Hospital in Tehran, who had received rituximab from 2008 to 2012 were considered for inclusion in this retrospective cohort study. Data was collected before and after rituximab treatment. The variables included WBC, Hg, Plt, AST, ALT, Urea, and Cr and age, gender, involved sites, previous therapies, underlying disease, and disease duration. Test sheets associated to before and after rituximab application, containing WBC, Hg, Plt, AST, ALT, Urea and Cr were compared. Type of Study This study is a retrospective cohort study conducted on the pemphigus patients resistant to therapies who had received rituximab in 2008-2012. Studied Population Therapy-resistant pemphigus patients who were treated with rituximab in Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2008-2012. Inclusion Criteria Pemphigus patients who did not respond to the initial therapies (therapy-resistant pemphigus), and then were treated with rituximab. Exclusion Criteria Patients with no required tests before application of rituximab in their file Patients with no follow-up after receiving rituximab Patients whose first follow-up, after the last dosage of rituximab, is greater than 1 month. Sampling Method According to the available files, files of all the patients who had received rituximab from 2008 to 2012 were considered for inclusion. Data Collection The data collection tool included a checklist divided into 2 parts: one for the data before and one for the data collection after rituximab treatment. The variables included WBC, Hg, Plt, AST, ALT, Urea, and Cr and age, gender, involved sites, previous therapies, underlying disease, and disease duration. Project Implementation After studying the files of therapy-resistant pemphigus patients, the patients who had required data in their files were entered into the research. Rituximab treatment was defined as receiving 4 doses of 500 mg for 4 weeks, along with normal saline. Test sheets associated to before and after rituximab application, containing WBC, Hg, Plt, AST, ALT, Urea and Cr were compared. (The maximum time interval between the second test sheet and the last dosage of rituximab could be 1 month.) Data Analysis Finally, the finalized cases that had the inclusion criteria, were analyzed in Stata statistical software (StataCorp, Texas, USA) in terms of variations in WBC, Hg, Plt, AST, ALT, Urea and Cr after application of rituximab as the major variable and investigation of minor variables. Problems and Limitations As the base of this research was on filed files of hospital, inadequacy of data either before or after rituximab application excluded a bunch of samples from the study in a way that among 105 available files, only 39 files had the required data. Variables Major variables: quantitative measurement of white blood cells (WBC), Hemoglobin (Hgb), platelets (Plt), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALT, urea, and creatinine (Cr) before and after application of rituximab Minor variables: Gender Age Involved sites Previous therapies Underlying disease Disease duration The data of variables were collected according to the positive findings in the patients files (Table 1). Table 1 Patient variables. Title Variable Type Quantitative Qualitative Scientific Practical Definition Measurement Method Scale Independent Dependent Continuous Discrete Nominal Ranking WBC Number of WBC per ÃŽ ¼(mu)L of blood File reading Cell/mCl Hgb Amount of hemoglobin File reading Gr/dl Plt Number of plackets in patient blood File reading Cell/mcl AST * Amount of AST File reading IU/L ALT Amount of ALT File reading IU/L Urea Microgram of urea per deciliter of blood File reading Mg/dl Cr * Keratin amount File reading Mg/dl age * Years from birth File reading year gender * According to patient phenotype File reading Male/female Underlying disease * Existence of systemic disease File reading Having/not having Previous therapies * Received adjoin before rituximab File reading Azathioprine, IVIG Cyclophosphamide, CellCept ®, methotrexate Involved sites * Involved sites before starting rituximab File reading Upper body, lower body, face. Genitalia, sculp, mucus Disease Duration Months passed from onset to receiving rituximab File reading Month WBC white blood cell, Hgb hemoglobin, Plt platelet, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, CR creatinine, IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin Chapter 4 Results Among 105 therapy-resistant pemphigus patients who received rituximab treatment in Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran from 2008 to 2012, only 39 patients managed to enter the study. The others were excluded due to inadequate data. Also in the included patient group, the maximum time interval between the last dosage of rituximab and follow-up was 1 month. The data of the remaining 39 patients were analyzed by Stata statistical software (StataCorp, Texas, USA) and the following results were obtained: The age of the patients ranged from 16 to 67 with a mean of 36.46 years. Their disease duration from the beginning of the disease until receiving rituximab ranged from 5 to 84 months with a mean of 39.30 months. Of the patients, 25 (64%) were men and 14 (36%) were women. It does not seem that the sex difference is related to therapy-resistant pemphigus, it is rather associated with the data collection method and exclusion of patients with incomplete files. Investigation of the involved sites showed that 25 patients (64%) had mucosal involvement, 20 patients (51.3%) had upper body involvement, 18 patients (46.2%) had lower body involvement, 19 people (48.7%) had genitalia involvement, 23 people had facial involvement, 36 people (92%) had body involvement, and in 22 patients (56.4%) the scalp was involved. The lab result variations of the mentioned patients were investigated in terms of the involved sites. The patients, before application of rituximab, were simultaneously under treatment with prednisolone and other adjoins. To summarize the unsuccessful treatments, 5 patients had cyclophosphamide, 18 of them received CellCept ® (mycophenolate mofetil), 7 people (17.9%) had intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 5 patients were treated with methotrexate, and 22 patients had azathioprine. All these patients did not respond to corticosteroid and had active disease. In terms of variation in lab test results after receiving rituximab, the patients were investigated in terms of the previous adjuvants as well. Among 9 patients, 12 of them (30.8%) had systemic underlying diseases such as hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) and many more. The major variables were WBC, Hgb, Plt, AST, ALT, Urea and Cr before and after application of rituximab. Before Receiving Rituximab: The WBC range was 4,000-14,800 with average of 10,092. The Hgb range was 9.1-16.8 with average of 13.8. The Plt range was 100,000-683,000 with an average of 243,384. The AST range was 6-64 with average of 24.56. The ALT range was 10-143 with average of 43.92. The Urea range was 12-145 with average of 37.25. The Cr range was 0.5-1.2 with average of 0.87. After Receiving Rituximab: The WBC range was 5,400-19,000 with average of 9,964. The Hgb range was 7.4-16.7 with average of 13.42. The Plt range was 110,000-440,000 with average of 232,512. The AST range was 10-121 with average of 25.43. The ALT range was 12-144 with average of 48.46. The Urea range was 15-54 with average of 29.12. The Cr range was 0.6-1.2 with average of 0.85. The WBC had no statistically significant variations. The Hgb had no statistically significant variations. The Plt had no statistically significant variations. The AST had no statistically significant variations. The ALT had no statistically significant variations. The Urea had statistically significant variations. The Cr had no statistically significant variations. After receiving rituximab and adjusting for the effect of gender: The WBC had no statistically significant variations. The Hgb had no statistically significant variations. The Plt had no statistically significant variations. The AST had no statistically significant variations. The ALT had no statistically significant variations. The Cr had no statistically significant variations. In the case of Urea, we concluded that it depends on gender, as in men the variation was significant while in women the variations were not statistically significant. When investigating the results with adjustment of the involved sites, the following results were obtained: In patients with lower body involvement, rituximab had no significant effect on WBC, Plt, AST, ALT, Urea and Cr, but it had significant impact on Hgb reduction. In patients whose lower body was not involved, Urea significantly increased after receiving rituximab. In patients whose lower body was involved, rituximab caused a significant reduction in Cr, Urea, and Hgb. In patients whose upper body was not involved, rituximab had no significant effect on the variables. In the patients with or without facial involvement, rituximab had no significant impact on any of the variables. In patients whose genitalia region was involved, rituximab has no significant impact on any of the major variables. In patients with no genitalia involvement, rituximab resulted in significant reduction of urea. In patients with body involvement, rituximab resulted in significant reduction of urea. In patients with scalp involvement, rituximab resulted in significant reduction of urea. The adjustment of previous therapies was also addressed. As all the patients received prednisolone, the effect of adjoins (azathioprine, CellCept ®, cyclophosphamide, IVIG and methotrexate) was addressed: In patients who had received cyclophosphamide, rituximab has no statistically significant impact on the major variables. In patients who had not received cyclophosphamide, rituximab led to statistically significant reduction of urea. In patients who had received CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil), rituximab has statistically significant impact on reduction of urea and WBC. In patients who did not use IVIG adjoin, rituximab had a significant impact on reduction of urea. In patients who did not use methotrexate adjoin, rituximab had significant impact on reduction of urea. In patients who used azathioprine adjoin, rituximab had significant impact on reduction of urea. The adjustment impact of systemic underlying diseases (such as HTN, DM, IHD) was also addressed. In patients with systemic underlying disease, rituximab had significant impact on platelet reduction. In patients with no systemic underlying disease, rituximab had significant impact on urea reduction. There was no statistically significant relationship between the lab test result variations and disease duration and age (Table 1 through Table 8). TABLES Table 1 Age distribution in the studied patients Min Max Standard Deviation Average Age 16 67 13.48 36.48 Table 2 Disease duration distribution in the studies patients Min Max Standard Deviation Average Disease duration 5 84 20.28 29.30 Table 3 Absolute and relative frequency distribution of patients based on their gender Number % Men 25 64.1 Women 14 35.9 Total 39 100 Table 4 Absolute and relative frequency of involved sites at the time of rituximab injection. Frequency % Upper body 20 51.3 Lower body 18 46.2 Face 23 59 Genitalia 19 48.7 Body 36 92.3 Mucus 25 64.1 Scalp 22 56.4 Table 5 Absolute and relative frequency of received adjoins before application of rituximab Frequency % cyclophosphamide 5 12.8 CellCept ® 18 46.2 IVIG 7 17.9 methotrexate 5 12.8 azathioprine 22 56.4 IVIG intravenous immunoglobulin Table 6 Absolute and relative frequency of the patients based on having or not having underlying disease. Frequency

Nature vs. Nurture Essay -- Heredity and Environment

Abstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists more recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited from your parents and when you were told something you didn’t learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700’s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through letters explaining there point of views and denouncing the others. This leads to Pavlov coming up with the idea of behaviorism in the early 1900‘s. Behaviorism became the new wave of Psychology and influenced a lean towards the nurture side. It was not effectively argued against until 1928 when Watson published his book. This opened up the floodgates for environmental influences studies. Soon the idea of nurture was the popular excuse for behavior. Studies using animals were the most po pular was in which scientists used to prove a theory, or disprove a theory. The newest studies use human twins to prove nature vs. nurture. An age-old question has been asked for generations before us. What is the reasons behind the development of human behavior? There have been many theories formulated to explain why humans behave the way they do. Explanations vary from demonology to magnetic fluids controlling people’s behaviors. Over time, two theories have remained popular in academic fields such as philosophy and psychology. The surviving theories for behavior stem from physiological and sociological explanations. However, the two explanations have not always been compatible with each other. The famous nature vs. nurture debate over human behavior resulted from conflicting views between proponents of the physiological (nature) and sociological (nurture) explanations. Throughout history, research has swayed popularity back and forth between the theories. Yet, theorists have broken down the line separating nature and nurture. Today, people us both explanations in research to advance the knowledge of human behavior. Thousands of years before the field of psychology, philosophers pondered on human behavior. As early as 350 BC, such philosophers as Plato and Aristotle tried to understand behavior. The question of nature or nurture as the primary drive can be traced to these... ...y the effects of each in development. In these future studies, more groundbreaking advances will be made to aid humans in better understanding human behavior. In the end, that is what both sides of the nature vs. nurture debate intended to accomplish. Bibliography Amsel, A. (1989). Behaviorism, Neobehaviorism, and Cognitivism in Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum,. Ashcraft, M. (1998). Fundamentals of Cognition. New York, NY: Longman. Barnet, A. (1998). The Youngest Minds. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Cowie, F. (1999). What’s Within?. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Devlin, B. (1997). Intelligence, Genes, and Success. New York, NY: Copernicus. Deutschmann, Linda B. (2002). Deviance and Social Control Third Edition. Scarborough,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ON: Nelson Thomson Learning. Fujita, Frank. (2000). Nature vs. Nurture. 3/15/2002 from http://folk.uio.no/roffe/faq/node   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.html McGraw, M. (1995). Beyond Heredity and Environment. San Francisco, CA: Westview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press. Modgil, S. (1987). B.F. Skinner: Consensus and Controversy. New York, NY: Falmer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press. Myers, David G. (2001). Psychology Sixth Edition. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.